Promising Glioblastoma Therapy Targets Newly Discovered Pathway in Preclinical Models
A new pathway that is used by cancer cells to infiltrate the brain has been discovered by a team of Canadian and American research groups co-led by the Singh Lab at McMaster University. The research also reveals a new therapy that shows promise in blocking and killing these tumors.
The research, published in Nature Medicine, offers new hope and potential treatments for glioblastoma, the most aggressive form of brain cancer. With existing treatments like surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy, the tumors often return, and patient survival is limited to only a few months. With this new treatment, the returning cancer cells were destroyed at least 50 per cent of the time in two of the three diseases tested in preclinical animal models.
To discover the pathway cancer cells use to infiltrate the brain, researchers used large-scale gene editing technology to compare gene dependencies in glioblastoma when it was initially diagnosed and after it returned following standard treatments. By doing this, researchers discovered a new pathway used for axonal guidance – a signalling axis that helps establish normal brain architecture – that can become overrun by cancer cells.
“In glioblastoma, we believe that the tumor hijacks this signalling pathway and uses it to invade and infiltrate the brain,” says co-senior author Sheila Singh, professor with McMaster’s Department of Surgery and director of the Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research. The research was also co-led by Jason Moffat, head of the Genetics and Genome Biology program at The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids).
“If we can block this pathway, the hope is that we can block the invasive spread of glioblastoma and kill tumor cells that cannot be removed surgically,” says Singh.
To stop the invasion of cancer cells, researchers targeted the hijacked signalling pathway using different strategies including a drug developed in John Lazo’s group at the University of Virginia, and also by developing a new therapy with help from Kevin Henry and Martin Rossotti at the National Research Council Canada using CAR T cells to target the pathway in the brain. They honed in on a protein called Roundabout Guidance Receptor 1 (ROBO1) that helps guide certain cells, similar to a GPS.
“We created a type of cell therapy where cells are taken from a patient, edited and then put back in with a new function. In this case, the CAR T cells were genetically edited to have the knowledge and ability to go and find ROBO1 on tumor cells in animal models,” says lead author Chirayu Chokshi, a former PhD student who worked alongside Singh at McMaster University.
Singh and Chokshi say the treatment can also apply to other invasive brain cancers. In the study, researchers examined models for three different types of cancer including adult glioblastoma, adult lung-to-brain metastasis, and pediatric medulloblastoma. In all three models, treatment led to a doubling of survival time. In two of the three diseases, it led to tumor eradication in at least 50 per cent of the mice.
August 7, 2024
